In a grammar, parallelism, also known as
parallel structure or parallel construction, is a balance within one or more
sentences of similiar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical
structure. The application of parallelism improves writing style and
readability, and is thought to make sentences easier to process.
Sentences element that are a like in
function should also be a like in construction. These elements should be in the
same grammatical form so that they are parallel.
Paralelisme dalam tata bahasa dikenal
dengan nama struktur pararel atau konstruksi pararel, merupakan keseimbangan
dalam satu frase serupa atau lebih kalimat frase serupa atau klausa yang
memiliki struktur gramatikal yang sama. Dalam penerapan, pararelisme ini
memiliki tujuan agar kalimat tata bahasa lebih mudah untuk dipahami dengan
meningkatkan gaya penulisan dan pembacaan.
Kalimat
elemen yang seperti fungsi juga harus menjadi seperti dalam konstruksi. Elemen
– elemen ini harus dalam bentuk gramatikal yang sama sehingga mereka sejajar.
Using parallel structure in your writing
will help with
1) economy 2)
clarity 3)
equality 4) delight
Here are some examples of parallel
elements
These elements, on the other hand, are
not parallel
Used in a sentence, they create a
jarring effect and produce writing with unclear emphasis and meaning. We
call such an error "faulty parallelism."
Writers generally use parallelism as a
technique in the following five ways.
Digunakan dalam suatu kalimat, mereka
menciptakan efek dan melakukan penulisan dengan penekan dan makna yang jelas.
Penulis umumnya menggunakan paralelisme
sebagai teknik dalam lima cara berikut:
1. With
elements joined by coordinating conjunctions, especially and,
but, and or.
Dengan penggabungan elemen,
mengkoordinasikan konjungsi, terutama: dan, tapi, atau.
Examples of parallel words
Examples of parallel phrases
Examples of parallel clauses
The examples
below show how to repair faulty parallelism.
Example
#1
Example #2
2. Use
parallel structure with elements in lists or in a series.
Menggunakan struktur paralel dengan unsur-unsur dalam daftar atau seri.
A series is a group of three or
more elements in a row. The last element in the series is connected
to the others with one of these coordinating conjunctions: and, or,
but (not), or yet (not).
Commas should
be placed between each element in the series and before the coordinating
conjunction.
Serangkaian kelompok dari tiga atau
lebih elemen berturut-turut. Elemen terakhir dalam seri terhubung ke orang lain
dengan salah satu konjungsi koordinasi: dan, atau, tetapi (tidak), atau belum
(tidak).
Koma harus ditempatkan di antara setiap
elemen dalam seri dan sebelum hubungannya koordinasi.
Examples of series
As the examples
below show, a series whose components are not in parallel format sounds awkward
and may cause misunderstanding.
Example #1
Example #2
Note that in the
corrected versions of example #2, you may choose to repeat the "to"
or to omit it.
3. Use parallel
structure with elements being compared. (X is more than /
better than Y)
When we compare
things, we often use words such as more, less, better, and worse,
We connect the items being compared with words like as and than.
Menggunakan struktur paralel dengan
elemen yang dibandingkan. (X lebih dari / lebih baik dari Y)
Ketika kita membandingkan hal, kita
sering menggunakan kata-kata seperti lebih, kurang, lebih baik, dan lebih
buruk, Kita hubungkan item yang dibandingkan dengan kata-kata seperti sebagai
dan dari.
Note the
comparison methods in the examples below.
The elements being
compared are parallel to one another:
driving is
parallel to flying
Miriam's ability to is parallel to her resolve to
How you live is parallel to how much money you make
Comparing items
without using parallel structure may cause confusion about what is being
compared to what.
Repair faulty
parallelism in comparisons by making one element of the comparison parallel to
the other.
Note that you
may choose to change either element to match the other.
4. Use parallel
structure with elements joined by a linking verb or a verb of
being.
Joining
elements with linking verbs or verbs of being suggests a completing of the
first item by the second one. Often, in fact, an equality between the two
is being set up, as the examples below illustrate.
Menggunakan struktur paralel dengan
gabungan elemen menggunakan kata kerja menghubungkan atau kata kerja menjadi.
Gabungan elemen dengan menghubungkan
verba atau kata kerja dari makhluk menunjukkan penyelesaian dari item pertama
dengan yang kedua. Seringkali, pada kenyataannya, sebuah persamaan antara kedua
sedang diatur, sebagai contoh di bawah menggambarkan.
Repair faulty
parallelism with linking verbs or verbs of being by making one element of the
equation parallel to the other.
5. Use
parallel structure with elements joined by a correlative conjunction.
Menggunakan struktur paralel dengan elemen bergabung dengan konjungsi
korelatif.
These are the major
correlative conjunctions:
either
/ or neither /
nor both /
and not only / but also
Correlative
conjunctions work in pairs.
Whatever grammatical structure follows
one must be parallel to the grammatical structure that follows the
other.
Examples with either / or and neither
/ nor
Examples with both
/ and
Examples with not
only / but also
Repair faulty
parallelism with correlative conjunctions by making one structure parallel to
the other as shown below.
With either / or
With neither / nor
With both / and
With not only / but also